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An Fe( ii ) complex detects hydrogen peroxide with ¹ H and ¹⁹ F magnetic resonance imaging responses

https://doi.org/10.1039/D5CC04066C

Karbalaei, Sana; Franke, Alicja; Zahl, Achim; Pokkuluri, P Raj; Beyers, Ronald J; Ivanović-Burmazović, Ivana; Goldsmith, Christian R (October 2025, Chemical Communications)

A highly air- and water-stable Fe(ii) complex with a fluorinated ligand has a strong¹⁹F MRI signal but is a poorT₁-weighted¹H MRI contrast agent. Upon oxidation by H₂O₂, the¹⁹F MRI signal decays as the relaxivity for¹H MRI markedly improves.
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Free, publicly-accessible full text available October 7, 2026
A macrocyclic quinol-containing ligand enables high catalase activity even with a redox-inactive metal at the expense of the ability to mimic superoxide dismutase

https://doi.org/10.1039/d3sc02398b

Karbalaei, Sana; Franke, Alicja; Oppelt, Julian; Aziz, Tarfi; Jordan, Aubree; Pokkuluri, P Raj; Schwartz, Dean D; Ivanović-Burmazović, Ivana; Goldsmith, Christian R (September 2023, Chemical Science)

Manganese, iron, and zinc complexes with the macrocyclic quinol-containing ligand H₄qp4 are highly active and durable catalysts for the dismutation of hydrogen peroxide but do not efficiently dismutate superoxide.
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Recent advances in the preclinical development of responsive MRI contrast agents capable of detecting hydrogen peroxide

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111763

Karbalaei, Sana; Goldsmith, Christian R. (May 2022, Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry)

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Diquinol Functionality Boosts the Superoxide Dismutase Mimicry of a Zn(II) Complex with a Redox-Active Ligand while Maintaining Catalyst Stability and Enhanced Activity in Phosphate Solution

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03256

Moore, Jamonica L.; Oppelt, Julian; Senft, Laura; Franke, Alicja; Scheitler, Andreas; Dukes, Meghan W.; Alix, Haley B.; Saunders, Alexander C.; Karbalaei, Sana; Schwartz, Dean D.; et al (December 2022, Inorganic Chemistry)

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A Macrocyclic Ligand Framework That Improves Both the Stability and T ₁ -Weighted MRI Response of Quinol-Containing H ₂ O ₂ Sensors

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00896

Karbalaei, Sana; Knecht, Erik; Franke, Alicja; Zahl, Achim; Saunders, Alexander C.; Pokkuluri, P. Raj; Beyers, Ronald J.; Ivanović-Burmazović, Ivana; Goldsmith, Christian R. (June 2021, Inorganic Chemistry)
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A Highly Water‐ and Air‐Stable Iron‐Containing MRI Contrast Agent Sensor for H ₂ O ₂

https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202201179

Karbalaei, Sana; Franke, Alicja; Jordan, Aubree; Rose, Cayla; Pokkuluri, P_Raj; Beyers, Ronald_J; Zahl, Achim; Ivanović‐Burmazović, Ivana; Goldsmith, Christian_R (June 2022, Chemistry – A European Journal)

Abstract A highly water‐ and air‐stable Fe(II) complex with the quinol‐containing macrocyclic ligand H₄qp4 reacts with H₂O₂to yield Fe(III) complexes with less highly chelating forms of the ligand that have either one or twopara‐quinones. The reaction increases theT₁‐weighted relaxivity over four‐fold, enabling the complex to detect H₂O₂using clinical MRI technology. The iron‐containing sensor differs from its recently characterized manganese analog, which also detects H₂O₂, in that it is the oxidation of the metal center, rather than the ligand, that primarily enhances the relaxivity.
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